An inductor is a coil of wound on a core. An inductor opposes the sudden variation of current. an inductor stores the energy in the form of current in magnetic field. The coil blocks DC voltage.an inductor allows the Direct current
L=µ o µr A N2/l Henry
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit that generates continuous square wave or rectangular wave oscillations. It is a type of waveform generator. It is commonly used in electronic circuits for various purposes. (Signal generation, timing, and pulse generation).
There are two main types of multivibrators: astable and monostable.
Proteus is also the name of a popular software suite used for electronic design automation (EDA), particularly for schematic capture, simulation, and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) layout design. It’s widely used by engineers, hobbyists, and students for designing and testing electronic circuits before prototyping or manufacturing them.
Read more: Electronics Simulator – ProteusIts consists of two main components:
Its user-friendly interface, extensive component library, and powerful simulation capabilities are known attributes. Educational settings commonly employ it for teaching electronics, while professional environments utilize it for designing and testing complex electronic systems.
Overall, It’s plays a crucial role in the electronics design and development process, offering engineers and designers a powerful platform for designing, simulating, and testing electronic circuits and systems.
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating medium. It can store electric charges, in the form of voltage in electric field. That blocks direct current. This opposes any sudden change of voltage applied to it. That only allows the Alternating current. That makes the time delay
C=Ԑ o Ԑr A / d farad A=area of each plate in m2,
In this article we will discuss and learn about Electronics Circuit – LED Blink using Astable Multivibrator. This is a simple two-LED blink example using the astable multi-vibrator circuit. This circuit generates two different not-stabled state output pulses. We can connect the LED in the two output pulse points and our LED blinks easily. This follows all instructions given to help those who are beginners in electronics. if you know skip what you know already.
The resistor is a passive two-terminal electronic components. It function is to limit or reduce(resist) the flow of current or divide the voltage in a circuit. The unit of the resister is ohm(Ω). The resistance r of any material is proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its area of cross-section A.
R=ρl/A Ω
ρ=specific resistance or resistivity of the material.
| Color | Digit value | Multiplier | Multiplied Out | Tolerance |
| Black | 0 | 100 | 1 | |
| Brown | 1 | 101 | 10 | |
| Red | 2 | 102 | 100 | |
| Orange | 3 | 103 | 1,000 | |
| Yellow | 4 | 104 | 10000 | |
| Green | 5 | 105 | 100,000 | |
| Blue | 6 | 106 | 1,000,000 | |
| Violet | 7 | 107 | 10,000,000 | |
| Gray | 8 | 108 | 100,000,000 | |
| White | 9 | 109 | 1,000,000,000 | |
| Gold | ±5% | |||
| Silver | ±10% |
Ohm’s law describes the fundamental behavior of
resistors.
For example, assume you have a 9V battery to power an
LED. If your LED is red, it might have a forward voltage around 1.8V. If you
want to limit the current to 10mA, use a series resistor of about 720Ω.
Kirchhoff’s law can be used to analyses networks
of resistors.
| Material | ρ (Ωm) at 20°C | σ (S/m) at 20°C | Temperature coefficient (1/°C) x10^-3 |
| Silver | 1.59×10−8 | 6.30×107 | 3.8 |
| Copper | 1.68×10−8 | 5.96×107 | 3.9 |
| Gold | 2.44×10−8 | 4.10×107 | 3.4 |
| Aluminum | 2.82×10−8 | 3.5×107 | 3.9 |
| Tungsten | 5.60×10−8 | 1.79×107 | 4.5 |
| Zinc | 5.90×10−8 | 1.69×107 | 3.7 |
| Nickel | 6.99×10−8 | 1.43×107 | 6 |
| Lithium | 9.28×10−8 | 1.08×107 | 6 |
| Iron | 1.0×10−7 | 1.00×107 | 5 |
| Platinum | 1.06×10−7 | 9.43×106 | 3.9 |
| Tin | 1.09×10−7 | 9.17×106 | 4.5 |
| Lead | 2.2×10−7 | 4.55×106 | 3.9 |
| Manganin | 4.82×10−7 | 2.07×106 | 0.002 |
| Constantan | 4.9×10−7 | 2.04×106 | 0.008 |
| Mercury | 9.8×10−7 | 1.02×106 | 0.9 |
| Nichrome | 1.10×10−6 | 9.09×105 | 0.4 |
| Carbon (amorphous) | 5×10−4 to 8×10−4 | 1.25 to 2×103 | -0.5 |
find the resistance of a copper
wire of 0.75km long and having a cross sectional area of 0.01cm2.
(take ρ=1.72×10-8ohm-m).
ANS=12.9ohm
find the cross sectional area of
an aluminium wire of 700m long and having a resistance of 0.24ohm (take ρ=2.83×10-8ohm-m)
ANS=8.254×10-5m2.
if a R = 300 ohm is attached
across the terminals of a V = 12 volt battery, then a current of (V/R)12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows
through that.
Consider
a 1-ohm resistor in a circuit with a voltage drop from 100V till 10V across its
terminals. What is the current through the resistor? The
triangle reminds us that:
Consider
a 10-ohm resistor in a circuit subject to a current of 2 Ampere and a voltage
of 120V. What is the voltage drop across the resistor? Using
the triangle shows us that:
Answerer
Thus the voltage at the end terminal is 120-20
= 100 V.
What must be the minimal power rating of this resistor?
Answer:
According to the wheel, P=I^2*R= 0.100^2*50=0.5 W. So the minimal power
rating should be at least 0.5W, but recommended is to go high above this value
for extra reliability and lifetime.
What is the current in the circuit?
This is a basic example of Ohm’s law. Voltage and resistance are known,
so we can calculate current with the equation:
I=V/R=6/1.2=5 A.
An electric heater (resistor) with a consumption of 1kW
is connected in a circuit with 8A current. What is the voltage drop over the
heater?
Voltage can be expressed in current and power with the formula:
V=P/I= 1000/8=125 V
Basic Electricity – Resistance and Ohm’s law
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